Fenomenologia, Existencialismo e Hermenêutica

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• Jonas: Seventeenth Century and After… (IX)

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  IX
  What has neither will nor wisdom and is indifferent to itself solicits no respect. Awe before nature’s mystery gives way to the disenchanted knowingness which grows with the success of the analysis of all things into their primitive conditions and factors. The powers that produce those things are powerless to impart a sanction to them: thus their knowledge imparts no regard for them. On the contrary, it removes whatever protection they may have enjoyed in a pre-scientific view. The (…)

• Jonas: Seventeenth Century and After… (VIII)

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  VIII
  The plain picture of classical, Newtonian mechanics here drawn, whose prime data were nothing but mass and acceleration, was later, especially from the nineteenth century on, made more complex by the addition of electromagnetism, radiating energy, atomic valency, nuclear forces, molecular structure. Though a far cry from the simplification of the original "matter and motion" formula of Descartes, the more advanced scheme in all its enormously increased subtlety still adheres to the (…)

• Jonas: Seventeenth Century and After… (VII)

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  VII
  After this analytical summary of the direct conceptual content of the theoretical revolution in dynamics, a brief metaphysical evaluation of it is in order. We said at one point that what the innovation was originally about was not the time-honored principle of causality per se, but the conception of change. We must now add that the altered conception of what constitutes a change, i.e., an effect, naturally reacted on the conception of what constitutes a cause. Now, "change" had been (…)

• Jonas: Seventeenth Century and After… (VI)

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  VI
  It only remains to draw one last inference so as to have this account of the conceptual revolution terminate in a full-fledged mechanics of nature. To use abridged labels, it means completing the Galilean with the Newtonian record. There recurred in our account one term which is obviously crucial but is not a geometrical term and not resolvable into purely geometrical, i.e., space-time, terms; the concept of "force." It lurks in the concepts of both acceleration and inertia. We may (…)

• Jonas: Seventeenth Century and After… (V)

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  V
  All this is far from obvious. In fact, all appearances are on the side of the opposite, Aristotelian view. In our common experience, bodies do come to rest when the force propelling them ceases to act: the wagon does stop moving when no longer pulled or pushed; and the pulling or pushing, when done by us, is felt to produce the motion from moment to moment. Nor is there anything obvious about a circular motion not being a simple, unitary act. The Galilean revolution has this in common (…)

• Jonas: Seventeenth Century and After… (IV)

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  IV
  The new cosmology called for a new physics but did not provide one itself. It offered a new image of the universe but no explanation of it. It showed, by an ingenious combination of hypothesis, observation, and mathematical construction, how the macrocosmos "looks" and what motions its bodies describe, but not why they do so — i.e., what causes operate in that universe. The major structures of the world system had decisively changed, but nothing in the Copernican system as such, or in (…)

• Jonas: Seventeenth Century and After… (III)

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  III
  How this came about is a story involving many things besides the history of science. The movement that remade thought from its foundations was not an isolated event but had a background commensurate in breadth with its own dimension in depth. We cannot go here into the manifold aspects of the crisis that attended the transition from medieval to modern man. Among them are the rise of the cities which eroded the feudal order, the concurrent rise of national monarchies, the expansion of (…)

• Jonas: Seventeenth Century and After… (II)

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  II
  My contention here is, to repeat it once more, that the theoretical beginnings - what we may call the ontological breakthrough occurring at the onset of the modern age and laying the foundations on which the edifice of modern science was reared - was the all important event. To understand this event historically, we do well to turn our minds back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It was a time not only pregnant with change but also conscious of it, with a will for it, and with (…)

• Jonas: Seventeenth Century and After (I)

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  I
  We live in a revolution — we of the West — and have been living in one for several centuries. We are naming its central agency when we call it the scientific-technological revolution. Having begun as a "provincially" European event, it has by now become global. In its progress it reshapes the external conditions of our being — that is, the world we live in; it thereby reshapes the ways of our living; and finally — or perhaps first — it reshapes the modes of our thinking. In brief, what (…)

• Jonas (2006) – características da ética

  19 de novembro de 2024, por Cardoso de Castro

  Tomemos do passado aquelas características do agir humano significativas para uma comparação com o estado atual de coisas.
  1. Todo o trato com o mundo extra-humano, isto é, todo o domínio da techne (habilidade) era — à exceção da medicina — eticamente neutro, considerando-se tanto o objeto quanto o sujeito de tal agir: do ponto de vista do objeto, porque a arte só afetava superficialmente a natureza das coisas, que se preservava como tal, de modo que não se colocava em absoluto a questão (…)

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